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Relationship between Young's modulus, bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio's banner
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Relationship between Young's modulus, bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio

In isotropic materials, there is a relationship between Young's modulus, the bulk modulus and Poisson’s ratio. This calculator determines Young's modulus based on the relationship, and provides the derivation of the relationship.

Calculator

Input



K
:200.00GPa



v
:-0.20



Output



E
:840.00GPa


E=3K(12ν)E = 3K(1 - 2\nu)
Where:
  1. 
    
    is Poisson's ratio, a measure of how much a material expands or contracts in the direction perpendicular to its loading direction (unitless)
  2. 
    
    is bulk modulus, a material property that is a measure of the resistance to longitudinal deformation
    
    
  3. 
    
    is Young's modulus, a material property that is a measure of the resistance to longitudinal deformation
    
    

Explanation

Imagine a segment of rubber, in the usual shape of a unit cuboid. Let us consider, a tensile force

(such as you pulling on it) acting normally outward on each surface of the unit cube.
Tensile forces, P acting on each surface of a unit cube

The force

acting along the direction of x-axis produces an extension

along that direction. Since the cube is a unit cube,

and

indicate the tensile stress and tensile strain along that axis, respectively. By definition, Young’s modulus,

is therefore given by

or

.
Also by definition, the contraction of the cube in the other two directions (y-axis and z-axis) is given by

where

is Poisson’s Ratio.
The force

acting in the x-direction produces an extension

in the x-axis and a contraction

in the y-axis and z-axis.
Similarly, the tensile force

acting in the y-direction produces an extension

in the y-axis and a contraction

in the x-axis and z-axis. The tensile force

acting in the z-direction produces an extension

in the z-axis and a contraction

in the x-axis and y-axis.
The total (longitudinal) extension,

along each of the three axes is given by:

εlong=PE2νPE=PE(12ν)E=Pεlong(12ν)\varepsilon_{long}=\frac{P}{E} - \frac{2\nu P}{E} = \frac{P}{E} (1 - 2\nu)\\\rightarrow E =\frac{P}{\varepsilon_{long}} (1 - 2\nu)
All the tensile forces acting together produce a volume stress of magnitude

. This stress produces a volume strain,

of magnitude

where

is known as the bulk modulus.
Volume strain,

is equal to three times the longitudinal strain,

along each direction. And therefore we get:

E=Pεvol/3(12ν)E=3K(12ν)E =\frac{P}{\varepsilon_{vol}/3} (1 - 2\nu)\\\rightarrow E = 3K(1 - 2\nu)

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