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Templates

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Calculation templates

Welcome to the Physics library, here we have calculations and content for general physics concepts all the way through to topic areas like fluid mechanics and Astrophysics!

Statics

Dynamics

Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics

Acoustics and Optics

Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

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Physics Calculations

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Lightning & Thunder Distance Calculator

Snell's Law Calculators

This page provides insight into determining the distance of lightning and thunder and provides a function to help you calculate it using velocity and time.

Due to the difference between the speed of light and the speed of sound, you will always see a lightning flash before you hear thunder. The following equation describes how far away the lightning flash occurred using the speed of sound as velocity. 

If you liked this, check out our other articles and resources!

Learn about lightening and thunder, and calculate the distance between them on this page.

This law provides a formula to help calculate the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when a wave passes from one isotropic medium to another. Mediums are materials through which waves propagate, such as water, air, or glass. You will also be able to find the critical angle in each of the templates.

This page will give an explanation to the formulas. If you want to access the calculations templates, click on the relevant one below! 

You can also look at finding Prism Refraction Angle, which can be found below:

Prism Refraction Angle Calculator

When the wave passes between a pair of media, it refracts (bends). This phenomenon occurs because its speed and wavelength change when a wave enters a different medium. Due to this change, the wave bends one of two ways. If the speed decreases, the wave bends towards the normal media boundary, and if the speed increases, the wave bends towards the boundary (away from the normal). The properties of the medium determine the change in speed. 

Snell’s law states that, for a given pair of media, the ratio of the sines of angle of incidence (

) is equal to the ratio of refractive indices of medium 1 to medium 2 (

) and is also equal to the ratio of the wave speed in medium 2 to medium 1 (

) and is also equal to the ratio of wavelength in medium 1 to medium 2 (

We can make a collective relationship for the different parameters from the three formulas (as shown above). This relationship can then be used to find dependent values. 

This angle is crucial to note since any wave incident at the boundary at an angle greater than this "Critical Angle" will undergo "Total Internal Reflection" instead of Refraction, and Snell's Law is no longer applicable to this wave.

To calculate the critical angle, the following steps can be followed:

In both of the above cases, if the indexes are unknown, but any other values are given or found, use any relationship from the equation below to find the missing variable.

This template provides a method to calculate any parameter that is related to Snell's Law using one of three formulas. Furthermore, you can find the critical angle and there is also insight regarding refraction within a prism. 

Snell's law is used to calculate the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction when a wave passes between isotropic materials